Technical note: Accuracy and precision of T2 and T2* with a gradient‐echo spin‐echo (GESE) sequence for cardiac imaging

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundThe use of a gradient echo spin echo (GESE) method to obtain rapid T2 and T2* estimation in the heart has been proposed. The effect of acquisition parameter settings on T2 and T2* bias and precision have not been investigated in depth.PurposeTo understand factors impacting the quantification of T2 and T2* values with a gradient echo spin echo (GESE) method using echo planar imaging (EPI) readouts in a reduced field of view acquisition.MethodsThe GESE method is implemented with a reduced field‐of‐view using an outer volume suppression (OVS) technique to minimize the time for multi‐echo EPI readouts. The number of EPI readouts (images) for the GESE is optimized using Cramer‐Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) and Monte Carlo simulations with a nonlinear least‐square (NLLS) estimator. The SNR requirements were studied using the latter simulation method for a selected range of T2 and T2* values and T2/T2* ratios. Two healthy control subjects were imaged with the proposed GESE sequence and evaluated with the NLLS estimation method. In addition, the proposed OVS method was compared with a saturation bands OVS method in one subject. Clinical T2 and T2* mappings were used as the reference.ResultsThe optimal number of EPI readouts is five and the performance is slightly better when the refocusing pulse is placed between the 2nd and 3rd readouts. The SNR requirement for achieving a target bias < 1 ms and standard deviation (SD) < 5 ms is more demanding when T2/T2* ratio increases. The minimum SNR requirement in the GESE acquisition should vary from 6 to 20 depending on specific myocardial T2 and T2* values at 3T. The T2 and T2* estimates using the proposed OVS method and the saturation bands OVS method are both similar to the reference.ConclusionThe GESE sequence with five EPI readouts is a feasible and efficient technique that can estimate T2 and T2* values in the septal myocardium within a heartbeat when the SNR requirement can be satisfied.