Affiliation:
1. Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences University College London London UK
2. Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London London UK
3. Department of Cardiology Imperial College Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust London UK
4. Department of Cardiology Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust London UK
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundTransesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is widely used to guide medical device placement in minimally invasive cardiovascular procedures. However, visualization of the device tip with TEE can be challenging. Ultrasonic tracking, enabled by an integrated fiber optic ultrasound sensor (FOUS) that receives transmissions from the TEE probe, is very well suited to improving device localization in this context. The problem addressed in this study is that tight deflections of devices such as a steerable guide catheter can result in bending of the FOUS beyond its specifications and a corresponding loss of ultrasound sensitivity.PurposeA bend‐insensitive FOUS was developed, and its utility with ultrasonic tracking of a steerable tip during TEE‐based image guidance was demonstrated.MethodsFiberoptic ultrasound sensors were fabricated using both standard and bend insensitive single mode fibers and subjected to static bending at the distal end. The interference transfer function and ultrasound sensitivities were compared for both types of FOUS. The bend‐insensitive FOUS was integrated within a steerable guide catheter, which served as an exemplar device; the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of tracking signals from the catheter tip with a straight and a fully deflected distal end were measured in a cardiac ultrasound phantom for over 100 frames.ResultsWith tight bending at the distal end (bend radius < 10 mm), the standard FOUS experienced a complete loss of US sensitivity due to high attenuation in the fiber, whereas the bend‐insensitive FOUS had largely unchanged performance, with a SNR of 47.7 for straight fiber and a SNR of 36.8 at a bend radius of 3.0 mm. When integrated into the steerable guide catheter, the mean SNRs of the ultrasonic tracking signals recorded with the catheter in a cardiac phantom were similar for straight and fully deflected distal ends: 195 and 163.ConclusionThe FOUS fabricated from bend‐insensitive fiber overcomes the bend restrictions associated with the FOUS fabricated from standard single mode fiber, thereby enabling its use in ultrasonic tracking in a wide range of cardiovascular devices.