Modeling and control of vascular dementia disease by exact dosing of medicines

Abstract

AbstractAlzheimer's and vascular dementia (VD) is the most common neurodegenerative syndromes so the patients lead to loss of memory, a cerebral and behavioral malfunction which may be diagnosed by the presence of two types of neuropathological characteristics such as extracellular plaques consisting of amyloid‐β‐peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated‐tau‐proteins. Accumulation of these components in the brain needs prediction using models, an alternate tool of experimentation. Mathematical models representing neuroanatomical with pathophysiological characteristics are formulated using continuity balances of bio‐materials to encompass vascular‐cognitive‐impairment. The partial/ordinary differential mathematical model of VD has been simulated in this work and has been used to synthesize control schemes for the prevention of the disease. The non‐linear model has been implemented for prediction‐based automatic control of VD (in virtual mode) with four manipulated physical variables of the patient, concentrations of intracellular amyloid‐beta, tau‐proteins, and microglia; where the virtual controller considers medicinal doses (using virtual nanodosing pumps) to maintain the concentrations of extracellular amyloid‐β‐peptides and neuronal dead‐cells by regulating the oxygen level of the brain within the prescribed level in the clinic. A comparison of performances between the model‐based‐predictive controller (MPC) and PI controllers shows that the former controller is better. Wireless monitoring of amyloid‐beta and tau‐protein from Cerebro‐fluids can be used to design MPC for automatic nanodosing of medicines to prevent dementia. These strategies can be commercially exploited for pharmacological involvement and useful for society to prevent dementia and later Alzheimer's.