Clinical Significance of Background Parenchymal Enhancement in Breast Cancer Risk Stratification

Abstract

BackgroundBackground parenchymal enhancement (BPE) is an established breast cancer risk factor. However, the relationship between BPE levels and breast cancer risk stratification remains unclear.PurposeTo evaluate the clinical relationship between BPE levels and breast cancer risk with covariate adjustments for age, ethnicity, and hormonal status.Study TypeRetrospective.Population954 screening breast MRI datasets representing 721 women divided into four cohorts: women with pathogenic germline breast cancer (BRCA) mutations (Group 1, N = 211), women with non‐BRCA germline mutations (Group 2, N = 60), women without high‐risk germline mutations but with a lifetime breast cancer risk of ≥20% using the Tyrer‐Cuzick model (Group 3, N = 362), and women with <20% lifetime risk (Group 4, N = 88).Field Strength/Sequence3 T/axial non‐fat‐saturated T1, short tau inversion recovery, fat‐saturated pre‐contrast, and post‐contrast T1‐weighted images.AssessmentData on age, body mass index, ethnicity, menopausal status, genetic predisposition, and hormonal therapy use were collected. BPE levels were evaluated by two breast fellowship‐trained radiologists independently in accordance with BI‐RADS, with a third breast fellowship‐trained radiologist resolving any discordance.Statistical TestsPropensity score matching (PSM) was utilized to adjust covariates, including age, ethnicity, menopausal status, hormonal treatments, and prior bilateral oophorectomy. The Mann–Whitney U test, chi‐squared test, and univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed, with an odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Weighted Kappa statistic was used to assess inter‐reader variation. A P value <0.05 indicated a significant result.ResultsIn the assessment of BPE, there was substantial agreement between the two interpreting radiologists (κ = 0.74). Patient demographics were not significantly different between patient groups after PSM. The BPE of Group 1 was significantly lower than that of Group 4 and Group 3 among premenopausal women. In estimating the BPE level, the OR of gene mutations was 0.35.Data ConclusionAdjusting for potential confounders, the BPE level of premenopausal women with BRCA mutations was significantly lower than that of non‐high‐risk women.Level of Evidence3Technical EfficacyStage 3