Molecular Efficacy of Gnetin C as Dual‐Targeted Therapy for Castrate‐Resistant Prostate Cancer

Abstract

ScopeResistance of castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to enzalutamide (Enz) involves the expression of constitutively active androgen receptor splice variant (AR‐V7). In addition to altered AR pathways, CRPC is characterized by “non‐AR‐driven” signaling, which includes an overexpression of metastasis‐associated protein 1 (MTA1). Combining natural compounds with anticancer drugs may enhance drug effectiveness while reducing adverse effects. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of Gnetin C (GnC) alone and in combination with Enz against CRPC are examined.Methods and resultsThe effects of GnC alone and in combination with Enz are assessed by cell viability, clonogenic survival, cell migration, and AR and MTA1 expression using 22Rv1 cells. The tumor growth in vivo is assessed by bioluminescent imaging, western blots, RT‐PCR, and IHC. GnC alone and in combined treatment inhibit cell viability, clonogenic survival and migration, and AR and MTA1 expression in 22Rv1 cells. The underlying AR‐ and MTA1‐targeted anticancer mechanisms of treatments in vivo involve inhibition of proliferation and angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis.ConclusionThe findings demonstrate that GnC alone and GnC combined with Enz effectively inhibits AR‐ and MTA1‐promoted tumor‐progression in advanced CRPC, which indicates its potential as a novel therapeutic approach for CRPC.