The Extracts from Two Antarctic Fish Species, Trematomus newnesi and Trematomus bernacchii, Enhance JEG‐3 Cell Migration and Invasion via MMP9 Activation Through Akt/Protein Phosphatase1/β‐Catenin Pathway

Abstract

ScopeThis study investigates the impact of extracts derived from Antarctic fish species, Trematomus newnesi and Trematomus bernacchii, on the migration of human placental trophoblast JEG‐3 cells, which is a crucial aspect of successful pregnancy.Methods and resultsThe extracts, obtained from the muscles of these fish, significantly enhance the migration and invasion of JEG‐3 cells in in vitro wound healing, Transwell, and collagen invasion assays. These effects are accompanied by an increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 activity, as demonstrated by zymography. Furthermore, the extracts activated Akt and protein phosphatase 1, resulting in the dephosphorylation of β‐catenin at Ser33/37/Thr41, as confirmed by western blot analysis. Consequently, MMP9 is upregulated, while metallopeptidase inhibitor 1/3 is downregulated, as verified by western blot and qRT‐PCR analyses. Finally, utilizing ultraperformance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) analysis, followed by matching with the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking library, the study annotates the compound responsible for the observed migratory activity as taurocholic acid. Importantly, the study confirms that taurocholic acid enhances cell migration in JEG‐3 cells.ConclusionThe results of this study emphasize the potential of Antarctic fish extracts in promoting extravillous trophoblast migration and invasion, which are critical for successful pregnancy.