Pulsed dye laser and adjuvant topical therapies for the treatment of port‐wine stains: A systematic review

Abstract

AbstractObjectivesThe current gold standard treatment for port‐wine stains (PWS) is pulsed dye laser (PDL). However, multiple treatment sessions may be necessary and complete resolution is often not achieved. Neoangiogenesis can occur soon after treatment and is thought to be a major factor contributing to treatment failure. Adjuvant antiangiogenic topical therapies may therefore improve the efficacy of pulsed dye laser treatment of port‐wine stains.Material and MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and clinicaltrials.gov using “port‐wine stain,” “nevus flammeus,” “capillary malformation,” “sturge weber,” and “pulsed dye laser” as keywords and medical subject heading (MeSH) terms. Articles were included if they (1) were a randomized controlled trial (RCT); (2) studied patients with PWS; and (3) investigated topical adjuvant therapies with PDL. Bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Randomized Controlled Trial Standard Checklist.Results1835 studies were identified, with six studies meeting inclusion criteria. The total number of patients studied was 103 (range: 9–23), with 8–36 week follow‐up. The average age ranged from 11 to 33.5 years old. Three studies examined adjuvant topical sirolimus (n = 52), two examined timolol (n = 29), and one studied imiquimod (n = 22). Two of three RCTs reported no improvement through colorimetric analysis with topical sirolimus; however, one of these studies did show a significant improvement through Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) score. The last sirolimus study showed significant improvement through digital photographic image scoring (DPIA). Studies examining topical timolol reported no change in PWS appearance compared to placebo. The addition of 5% adjuvant imiquimod cream did lead to significant improvement. A variety of outcome measures were used. Imiquimod and sirolimus led to mild cutaneous adverse events, while timolol caused no side effects. None of the adverse events led to treatment discontinuation. Study quality was moderate in three, high in two, and low in one.ConclusionThe efficacy of adjuvant topical therapy was unclear. Limitations included variation in concentration and duration of adjuvant therapies, differences in follow‐up time, and inconsistent outcome measure reporting. Given their potential clinical promise, larger prospective studies examining topical adjuvant therapies should be considered.