Integrated Nanorod‐Mediated PD‐L1 Downregulation in Combination with Oxidative‐Stress Immunogene Therapy against Cancer

Abstract

AbstractIt is an engaging program for tumor treatment that rationalizes the specific microenvironments, activation of suppressed immune system (immune resistance/escape reversion), and synergistic target therapy. Herein, a biomimetic nanoplatform that combines oxidative stress with genetic immunotherapy to strengthen the therapeutic efficacy is developed. Ru‐TePt nanorods, small interfering RNA (PD‐L1 siRNA), and biomimetic cellular membrane vesicles with the targeting ability to design a multifunctional Ru‐TePt@siRNA‐MVs system are rationally integrated. Notably, the Fenton‐like activity significantly enhances Ru‐TePt nanorods sonosensitization, thus provoking stronger oxidative stress to kill cells directly. Meanwhile, immunogenic cell death is triggered to secrete numerous cytokines and activate T cells. The effective catalase characteristics of Ru‐TePt enable the in situ oxygen‐producing pump to improve tumor oxygen level and coordinately strengthen the therapeutic effect of SDT followed. More importantly, anti‐PD‐L1‐siRNA mediated immune checkpoint silence of the PD‐L1 gene creates an environment conducive to activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes, synergistic with boosted reactive oxygen species‐triggered antitumor immune response. The experimental results in vitro and in vivo reveal that the Ru‐TePt@siRNA‐MVs nanosystems can effectively activate the oxidative stress‐triggered immune response and inhibit PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis‐mediated immune resistance. Consequently, this orchestrated treatment paradigm provides valuable insights for developing potential oxidative stress and genetic immunotherapy.