Dithienoazepine‐Based Near‐Infrared Dyes: Janus‐Faced Effects of a Thiophene‐Fused Structure on Antiaromatic Azepines

Abstract

AbstractWe here disclose that the incorporation of thiophene rings into a seven‐membered 8π azepine in a fused fashion produces a useful antiaromatic core for near‐infrared (NIR) dyes. In contrast to dibenzazepine derivatives with bent structures, dithieno‐fused derivatives with electron‐accepting groups adopt flat conformations in the ground state. The dithieno‐fused derivatives exhibited broad absorption spectra that cover the visible region as well as sharp emission bands in the NIR region, which are considerably red‐shifted relative to those of the dibenzo‐fused congeners. Theoretical study revealed two contradictory effects of the less‐aromatic thiophene‐fused structure, i.e., the enhancement of the antiaromaticity of the adjacent azepine ring and the relief of the antiaromaticity through the contribution of a quinoidal resonance form. The combination of the dithienoazepine core with cationic electron‐accepting groups produced a NIR fluorescent dye with an emission at 878 nm in solution.