3D‐Printed Carbon Nanoneedle Electrodes for Dopamine Detection in Drosophila

Author:

Shao Zijun1,Zhao He1ORCID,Dunham Kelly E.1,Cao Qun1,Lavrik Nickolay V.2,Venton B. Jill1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemistry University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22901 USA

2. Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Lab Oak Ridge TN, 37831 USA

Abstract

AbstractIn vivo electrochemistry in small brain regions or synapses requires nanoelectrodes with long straight tips for submicron scale measurements. Nanoelectrodes can be fabricated using a Nanoscribe two‐photon printer, but annealed tips curl if they are long and thin. We propose a new pulling‐force strategy to fabricate a straight carbon nanoneedle structure. A micron‐width bridge is printed between two blocks. The annealed structure shrinks during pyrolysis, and the blocks create a pulling force to form a long, thin, and straight carbon bridge. Parameterization study and COMSOL modeling indicate changes in the block size, bridge size and length affect the pulling force and bridge shrinkage. Electrodes were printed on niobium wires, insulated with aluminum oxide, and the bridge cut with focused ion beam (FIB) to expose the nanoneedle tip. Annealed needle diameters ranged from 400 nm to 5.25 μm and length varied from 50.5 μm to 146 μm. The electrochemical properties are similar to glassy carbon, with good performance for dopamine detection with fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry. Nanoelectrodes enable biological applications, such as dopamine detection in a specific Drosophila brain region. Long and thin nanoneedles are generally useful for other applications such as cellular sensing, drug delivery, or gas sensing.

Funder

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Publisher

Wiley

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