In Situ Production of Hydroxyl Radicals via Three‐Electron Oxygen Reduction: Opportunities for Water Treatment

Abstract

AbstractThe electro‐Fenton (EF) process is an advanced oxidation technology with significant potential; however, it is limited by two steps: generation and activation of H2O2. In contrast to the production of H2O2 via the electrochemical two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the electrochemical three‐electron (3e−) ORR can directly activate molecular oxygen to yield the hydroxyl radical (⋅OH), thus breaking through the conceptual and operational limitations of the traditional EF reaction. Therefore, the 3e− ORR is a vital process for efficiently producing ⋅OH in situ, thus charting a new path toward the development of green water‐treatment technologies. This review summarizes the characteristics and mechanisms of the 3e− ORR, focusing on the basic principles and latest progress in the in situ generation and efficient utilization of ⋅OH through the modulation of the reaction pathway, shedding light on the rational design of 3e− ORR catalysts, mechanistic exploration, and practical applications for water treatment. Finally, the future developments and challenges of efficient, stable, and large‐scale utilization of ⋅OH are discussed based on achieving optimal 3e− ORR regulation and the potential to combine it with other technologies.