Simulation studies of a full‐ring, CZT SPECT system for whole‐body imaging of 99mTc and 177Lu

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundSingle photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an imaging modality that has demonstrated its utility in a number of clinical indications. Despite this progress, a high sensitivity, high spatial resolution, multi‐tracer SPECT with a large field of view suitable for whole‐body imaging of a broad range of radiotracers for theranostics is not available.PurposeWith the goal of filling this technological gap, we have designed a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) full‐ring SPECT scanner instrumented with a broad‐energy tungsten collimator. The final purpose is to provide a multi‐tracer solution for brain and whole‐body imaging. Our static SPECT does not rely on the dual‐ and the triple‐head rotational SPECT standard paradigm, enabling a larger effective area in each scan to increase the sensitivity. We provide a demonstration of the performance of our design using a realistic model of our detector with simulated body‐sized phantoms filled with 99mTc and 177Lu.MethodsWe create a realistic model of our detector by using a combination of a Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) Monte Carlo simulation and a finite element model for the CZT response, accounting for low‐energy tail effects in CZT that affects the sensitivity and the scatter correction. We implement a modified dual‐energy‐window scatter correction adapted for CZT. Other corrections for attenuation, detector and collimator response, and detector gaps and edges are also included. The images are reconstructed using the maximum‐likelihood expectation‐maximization. Detector and reconstruction performance are characterized with point sources, Derenzo phantoms, and a body‐sized National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Image Quality (IQ) phantom for both 99mTc and 177Lu.ResultsOur SPECT design can resolve 7.9 mm rods for 99mTc (140 keV) and 9.5 mm for 177Lu (208 keV) in a hot‐rod Derenzo phantom with a 3‐min exposure and reach an image contrast of 78% for 99mTc and 57% for 177Lu using the NEMA IQ phantom with a 6‐min exposure. Our modified scatter correction shows an improved contrast‐recovery ratio compared to a standard correction.ConclusionsIn this paper, we demonstrate the good performance of our design for whole‐body imaging purposes. This adds to our previous demonstration of improved qualitative and quantitative 99mTc imaging of brain perfusion and 123I imaging of dopamine transport with respect to state‐of‐the‐art NaI dual‐head cameras. We show that our design provides similar IQ and contrast to the commercial full‐ring SPECT VERITON for 99mTc. Regarding 177Lu imaging of the 208 keV emissions, our design provides similar contrast to that of other state‐of‐the‐art SPECTs with a significant reduction in exposure. The high sensitivity and extended energy range up to 250 keV makes our SPECT design a promising alternative for clinical imaging and theranostics of emerging radionuclides.