1. Graduate School of Science; Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto; Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
2. Research Center for Urban Health and Sports; Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto; Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
3. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-3114 USA