GPCR Signaling: A Study of the Interplay Between Structure, Energy, and Function

Abstract

ABSTRACTG protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) exemplify sophisticated allosteric communication, transducing extracellular signals through ligand‐induced structural rearrangements that resonate through the molecular scaffold. Despite extensive study, the biophysical underpinnings of how conformational changes spread remain unclear. This work employs a novel physics‐based framework to characterize the role of energy dissipation in directing intramolecular signaling pathways. By modeling each residue as a network of coupled oscillators, we generate a localization landscape depicting the vibrational energy distribution throughout the protein scaffold. Quantifying directional energy flux between residues reveals distinct pathways for energy and information transfer, illuminating sequences of allosteric communication. Our analysis of CB1 and CCR5 crystal structures unveils an anisotropic pattern of energy dissipation aligning with key functional dynamics, such as activation‐related conformational changes. These anisotropic patterns of vibrational energy flow constitute pre‐configured channels for allosteric signaling. Elucidating the relationship between structural topology and energy dissipation patterns provides key insights into the thermodynamic drivers of conformational signaling. This methodology significantly advances our mechanistic understanding of allostery in GPCRs and presents a broadly applicable approach for rationally dissecting allosteric communication pathways, with potential implications for structure‐based drug design targeting these critical receptors.