Affiliation:
1. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio USA
2. Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware Wilmington Delaware USA
3. The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus Ohio USA
4. Division of Pediatric Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
5. Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio USA
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundFor children with constipation and fecal incontinence treated with antegrade continence enemas (ACE), a fluoroscopic study with contrast administered via appendicostomy/cecostomy can define the anatomy of the colon and simulate the flush to investigate associated symptoms or inadequate response. These studies can at times show retrograde flow into the small intestine. Our objective was to investigate the significance of this finding.MethodsWe reviewed studies at our institution with contrast administered via appendicostomy/cecostomy in children treated with ACE, identifying those demonstrating retrograde flow of contrast. We recorded demographics, medical history, interventions, and outcomes.ResultsWe identified 162 studies (52% male, median age 10.7 years) with contrast via appendicostomy (76%) or cecostomy (24%). Diagnoses included anorectal malformation (38%), spinal cord anomaly (26%), functional constipation (24%), colonic dysmotility (18%), and Hirschsprung disease (12%). Fifty‐nine (36%) studies showed retrograde flow: 28/59 children (48%) were not responding adequately and 21/59 (36%) had symptoms with ACE. Children with retrograde flow were more likely to have symptoms with ACE than those without (36% vs. 15%, p < 0.01). Fourteen children underwent interventions for this finding, including administering flushes more distally (4/8 responded), changing positioning of the child during flush administration, (1/2 responded), and slowing administration (1/1 responded). Retrograde flow was associated with younger age (p < 0.01), not sex or underlying diagnosis.ConclusionIdentifying retrograde flow during studies with contrast administered via appendicostomy/cecostomy can be useful for children with a poor response or symptoms associated with ACE, as adjustments to the mechanics of the flush can alleviate those symptoms.Level of EvidencePrognostic study, Level III.