Mammal Aging as a Programmed Life Cycle Function – Resolving the Cause and Effect Conundrum

Abstract

AbstractBecause aging and internally determined lifespan vary greatly between similar species it is now widely accepted that aging is an evolved trait, resulting in two classes of evolutionary aging theories: aging is programmed by complex biological mechanisms, and aging is not programmed. As recently as 2002 programmed aging is thought to be theoretically impossible. However, genetics discoveries, results of selective breeding, and other direct evidence strongly support the idea that aging creates an evolutionary advantage and that therefore complex biological mechanisms evolved that control aging in mammals and other multiparous organisms. Like life‐cycle programs that control reproduction, growth, and menopause the aging program can adjust the aging trait during an individual's life to compensate for temporary or local changes in external conditions that alter the optimum lifespan for a particular species population. Genetics discoveries also strongly support the evolvability concept to the effect that sexually reproducing species can evolve design features that increase their ability to evolve, and that aging is one such feature. Genetics discoveries also prove that biological inheritance involves transmission of organism design information in digital form between parent and descendant of any organism. This has major implications for the evolution process.