The Fake IQ Test: a novel measure of self-reflection in major depressive disorder

Abstract

Background Excessive negative self-referential processing plays an important role in the development and maintenance of major depressive disorder (MDD). Current measures of self-reflection are limited to self-report questionnaires and invoking imagined states, which may not be suitable for all populations. Aims The current study aimed to pilot a new measure of self-reflection, the Fake IQ Test (FIQT). Method Participants with MDD and unaffected controls completed a behavioural (experiment 1, n = 50) and functional magnetic resonance imaging version (experiment 2, n = 35) of the FIQT. Results Behaviourally, those with MDD showed elevated negative self-comparison with others, higher self-dissatisfaction and lower perceived success on the task, compared with controls; however, FIQT scores were not related to existing self-report measures of self-reflection. In the functional magnetic resonance imaging version, greater activation in self-reflection versus control conditions was found bilaterally in the inferior frontal cortex, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, motor cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. No differences in neural activation were found between participants with MDD and controls, nor were there any associations between neural activity, FIQT scores or self-report measures of self-reflection. Conclusions Our results suggest the FIQT is sensitive to affective psychopathology, but a lack of association with other measures of self-reflection may indicate that the task is measuring a different construct. Alternatively, the FIQT may measure aspects of self-reflection inaccessible to current questionnaires. Future work should explore relationships with alternative measures of self-reflection likely to be involved in perception of task performance, such as perfectionism.