Childhood trauma and differential response to long-term psychoanalytic versus cognitive–behavioural therapy for chronic depression in adults

Abstract

Background Childhood trauma is a major risk factor for chronic depression. It has been suggested that adults with chronic depression who have experienced childhood trauma may require long-term treatment owing to a breakdown of basic trust and related difficulties in developing a productive therapeutic relationship. Aims As empirical studies have been preliminary and scarce, we studied the effects of psychoanalytic therapy (PAT) versus cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) for chronic depression in adults with a history of childhood trauma. In this subgroup, we expected a greater symptom reduction in PAT compared with CBT. Method In a large trial of long-term psychotherapies for chronic depression (LAC-Study; Clinical Trial Register ISRCTN91956346), 210 adults received open-ended CBT or PAT in an out-patient setting and were examined yearly over 5 years on the Beck Depression Inventory – II (BDI-II). Based on a linear mixed model approach, we tested participant-reported childhood trauma based on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome. CTQ subscales were examined exploratively. Results Depressive symptoms decreased over time (b = −4.55, s.e. = 0.90, 95% CI −6.32 to −2.81, T = −5.08; P < 0.001). A significant three-way interaction between childhood trauma, time and therapy group (b = −0.05, s.e. = 0.02, 95% CI −0.09 to −0.01, T = −2.42; P = 0.016) indicated that participants with childhood trauma profited especially well from PATs. Conclusions Our results indicate differential benefits from PAT compared with CBT among adults with chronic depression and a history of childhood trauma. The results have important implications for differential indication and policy.