Seaweed Extract-based Biostimulant Impacts on Nitrate Reductase Activity and Root Viability of Ultradwarf Bermudagrass Subjected to Heat and Drought Stress

Abstract

Bermudagrass is a warm-season turfgrass species widely used for sports fields, home lawns, and golf courses. Ultradwarf bermudagrass has been used for golf course greens, but its quality declines with abiotic stresses. This 2-year study was designed to investigate if foliar applications of seaweed extract-based biostimulant Utilize® could improve ultradwarf bermudagrass photosynthetic function, nitrate reductase activity, root growth, and root function while under heat stress and drought stress conditions. Utilize® was applied to ultradwarf bermudagrass canopy at 0, 88, 117, 175, and 234 μL⋅m−2. Two weeks after the initial application of Utilize®, bermudagrass was subjected to heat (40/36 °C, day/night) and drought stress (40–50% evapotranspiration replacement) for up to 42 days. Heat stress and drought stress caused decline of the turf quality. Foliar application of Utilize® at 117, 175, and 234 μL⋅m−2 biweekly consistently improved turf quality and leaf color ratings and increased leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, net photosynthetic rate, nitrate reductase activity, and root growth and viability. On average, Utilize® at 117, 175, and 234 μL⋅m−2 increased turf quality ratings by 9.1%, 12.1%, and 10.6%, respectively, net photosynthetic rates by 32.4%, 45.0%, and 35.0%, respectively, and nitrate reductase activity by 16.7%, 18.8%, and 14.6%, respectively, compared with the control. Utilize® at 117, 175, and 234 μL⋅m−2 increased the root biomass, root length, surface area, and root volume compared with the control. Utilize® at 88, 117, 175, and 234 μL⋅m−2 increased root viability by 46.2%, 73.1%, 88.5%, and 74.4%, respectively, relative to the control. The results of this study suggest that seaweed extract-based biostimulant Utilize® improves nitrogen metabolism, photosynthetic function, root growth, and root viability. Foliar application of Utilize® at rates between 117 and 175 μL⋅m−2 biweekly can be considered an effective approach to improving ultradwarf bermudagrass performance under heat stress and drought stress environments.