Response of Common Wildflower Species to Postemergence Herbicides

Abstract

Wildflowers attract wildlife, increase pollinator habitat, and enhance the aesthetic value of the landscape. Wildflower establishment is increasingly part of an effort to reduce maintained turfgrass on golf courses, lawns, and other maintained environments. Weed competition decreases wildflower establishment and results in poor long-term stands. Research was conducted in a controlled environment to investigate the tolerance of wildflower species to common postemergence herbicides. Wildflower species included California poppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham.), common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.), garden coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata L.), partridge pea [Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene], plains coreopsis (Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.), purple coneflower [Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench], rosering gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.), and violet prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.). Herbicides evaluated were fluazifop at 0.28 kg⋅ha–1 a.i., mesotrione at 0.14 kg⋅ha–1 a.i., clopyralid at 0.29 kg⋅ha–1 a.i., bentazon at 0.56 kg⋅ha–1 a.i., halosulfuron at 0.053 kg⋅ha–1 a.i., and imazaquin at 0.42 kg⋅ha–1 a.i. An untreated check was included for comparison. Excessive damage (≥ 53% phytotoxicity) was observed on all wildflower species in response to clopyralid, except for California poppy. Fluazifop and bentazon were relatively safe (≤ 19% phytotoxicity, regardless of herbicide) on all wildflower species; however, bentazon resulted in ≥ 40% aboveground biomass reduction in several species. Common sunflower and garden coreopsis were susceptible to halosulfuron (37% and 73% phytotoxicity, respectively) and imazaquin (37% and 87% phytotoxicity, respectively), but on all other wildflower species, phytotoxicity was ≤ 18%. Although both halosulfuron and imazaquin only resulted in ≤ 18% phytotoxicity to purple coneflower, a 43% to 44% aboveground biomass reduction was recorded. Mesotrione was only safe on California poppy and cornflower (≤ 11% phytotoxicity and ≤ 24% aboveground biomass reduction). Results suggest high tolerance variability across herbicides and species considered, but may prompt new investigation of safety and utility within field and production scenarios.