Oceanic-Scale Species Diversity of Living Benthic Foraminifera: Insights into Neogene Diversity, Community Structure, Species Duration, and Biogeography

Author:

Buzas Martin A.1,Hayek Lee-Ann C.2,Culver Stephen J.3,Murray John W.4,Jones Daniel O. B.5

Affiliation:

1. 1 Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20012-7012 USA

2. 2 Mathematics and Statistics, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 20012-7012 USA

3. 3 Department of Geological Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858 USA

4. 4 Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK

5. 5 National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK

Abstract

Abstract Within-habitat (α) diversity of living benthic foraminifera in the Atlantic Basin increases as latitude decreases and generally increases with depth from shelf to abyss. Total populations (live + dead) show the same pattern and indicate that species are becoming more widespread with increasing water depth. Thus, within-habitat diversity increases with depth while regional (or γ) diversity is greater on the shelf (more communities). Community structure analysis indicates stasis and growth in shallower areas with stasis or decline in the abyss. The latitudinal gradient has existed for ca. 34 Ma; lower latitude deeper habitats have the longest species durations. For living populations an inverse relationship between density and diversity suggests scarcity of food is not sufficient to decrease diversity through extinction. For shallower-dwelling species, variability of solar energy can explain the latitudinal gradient. For deep-sea species, energy transfer from the surface, along with environmental stability over vast expanses, are plausible explanations for high diversity.

Publisher

Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research

Subject

Paleontology,Microbiology

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