Paleozoic stratigraphic lexicon and hydrocarbon habitat of Iraq

Abstract

ABSTRACT The crystalline Proterozoic Basement does not crop out in Iraq, but is interpreted from seismic and geophysical potential data to range in depth from about 6–10 km in western Iraq, to 12–15 km in the Zagros Mountains, in eastern Iraq. The Cambrian and Lower Ordovician sedimentary successions of Jordan and Saudi Arabia (including the Middle Cambrian Burj carbonates) are interpreted to extend into Iraq based on seismic data and regional correlations. The entire Paleozoic succssion is about 3–4 km thick. The Ordovician-Permian succession in Iraq consists of ten formations that are here described in a lexicon format. For each formation, the type and reference sections in outcrop or/and subsurface are reviewed (as defined by the original authors or herein), and further documented by including subsurface data (electrical logs and biostratigraphic studies). The Ordovician-Permian formations (and their members) are here placed chronostratigraphically according to the “Geological Time Scale GTS 2004” (and standard global Ordovician stages) and the Arabian Plate sequence stratigraphic framework. The ten formations are: (1) the Early?, Middle and Late Ordovician Khabour Formation (with from base-up seven informal members K7 to K1); (2) the Silurian Akkas Formation (with the proposed lower Hoseiba and upper Qaim members); (3 and 4) the Late Devonian Pirispiki Red Beds Formation and enclosed Chalki Volcanics; (5) the Late Devonian (Famennian) and early Carboniferous (early Tournaisian) Kaista Formation; (6) the Carboniferous (Tournaisian) Ora Formation; (7) the Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Visean) Harur Limestone Formation; (8) the Visean-Serpukhovian Raha Formation (proposed here); (9) the late Carboniferous-early Middle Permian Ga’ara Formation; and (10) the late Middle and Late Permian Chia Zairi Formation (in outcrop consisting from base-up of the informal Dariri, Satina Anhydrite and Zinnar members). The Late Devonian-early Carboniferous succession, comprising the Pirispiki, Chalki, Kaista, Ora, Harur and Raha formations, is here proposed to comprise the Khleisia Group. The Paleozoic succession of Iraq is hydrocarbon-prospective in the western part of the country, and particularly in the Western Desert near Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Syria. The source-rock component of the petroleum system consists of several potential organic-rich shales including the regionally widespread Silurian Akkas “hot shale”. In the Akkas-1 well, two hot shale units have a combined thickness of 61 m (210 ft) and total organic carbon (TOC) values that reach 16.6%. Several reservoirs and seals present exploration targets in the Western Desert of Iraq. In the Akkas field, light (specific gravity of 42° API), sweet oil and gas (no H2S) were discovered in 1993 in the Akkas and Khabour formations, respectively. The Akkas reservoir occurs in the upper Qaim Member of the Silurian Akkas Formation and consists of sandstones that have a porosity of 6.5% and permeability of 0.2 mD. The Khabour reservoir occurs in the Upper Ordovician K1–K4 members and consists of sandstones with a fracture porosity of up to 7.6% and permeability of 0.13 mD. In North Iraq the carbonates of the Permian Chia Zairi and Triassic Mirga Mir formations correlate to gas reservoirs in the Khuff Formation of Arabia and the Dalan and Kangan formations of Iran, and may therefore be prospective. Southern Iraq, along the Kuwait and Saudi Arabian border, may also be prospective; however, no wells have been drilled into the deep Paleozoic succession in this vast region.