Xenoliths of High-Alumina Pyroxenites in the Basalts of the Sigurd Volcano, Spitsbergen Island (Svalbard Archipelago), as Indicators of the Paleozoic Geodynamics of the Regional Lithosphere

Abstract

Abstract—Xenoliths of high-alumina pyroxenites in the Quaternary basalts of the Sigurd Volcano of West Spitsbergen are spinel and spinel–garnet clinopyroxenites, spinel–garnet websterites, and websterites. The granoblastic texture with relics of subhedral magmatic texture, the change of mineral assemblages, and the signs of partial melting in the xenoliths reflect their multistage formation. The goal of our study was to determine the sequence and thermodynamic conditions of the change of mineral assemblages and to establish their age by Re–Os, U–Pb, Sm–Nd, and Rb–Sr isotope dating. It has been established that the primary assemblage in the pyroxenites, which included high-alumina Opx, Cpx, and Spl, was transformed in several stages: (1) Spl→Grt replacement with the formation of garnet-containing websterites and clinopyroxenites, (2) development of kelyphitic Opx–Spl rims over Grt grains, (3) formation of Amph, (4) exsolution with the formation of Cpx and Opx, and (5) partial melting. Comparison of the obtained results with published data shows that the primary assemblage is similar in Al2O3/MgO ratio to Opx + Cpx ± Spl cumulates resulted from the crystallization of basaltic melts at 1.2 GPa and the degree of crystallization of ~15%, i.e., in the lower crust (at 2.0 GPa, Grt and Cpx crystallize from the solution). The equilibrium parameters of the Grt–Opx assemblage in the pyroxenites are 1060–1310 ºC and 2.2–3.3 GPa; in the P–T diagram, their points are localized below the Spl→Grt phase transition curve, in the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2, thus corresponding to the model continental geotherm with a surface heat flow density of 60 mV/m2 and somewhat higher. This indicates the Spl→Grt replacement and the formation of garnet-containing pyroxenites in the shallow-depth upper mantle. The formation of kelyphitic Opx–Spl rims over the Grt grains indicates a subsequent temperature and pressure decrease to values above the Grt→Spl phase transition curve. This is confirmed by the presence of exsolution structures in pyroxene, which formed when the temperature decreased by 100–150 ºC. The Re and Os isotope composition in the bulk samples of Spl–Grt websterites that did not undergo partial melting corresponds to an age of 457.0 ± 3.5 Ma, which reflects the time of transformation of the primary Cpx–Opx–Spl assemblage into a garnet-including one. A similar value (488.6 ± 5.9 Ma) was obtained by U–Pb dating of zircon from Spl–Grt websterite, also without signs of melting. Zircon crystals from Spl–Grt clinopyroxenite with clear signs of partial melting have typomorphic features of autochthonous magmatic zircons. They form a single age cluster of 310.7 ± 3.3 Ma, which marks the age of melt crystallization in the pyroxenites. Thus, Spl pyroxenites are, most likely, Opx + Cpx ± Spl cumulates, products of crystallization of basaltic melts in the lower crust. The subsequent Spl→Grt replacement and the formation of garnet-containing websterites and clinopyroxenites in the shallow-depth upper mantle can be regarded as an indicator of the delamination of the continental crust into the mantle, and the Re–Os isochron date of 457.0 ± 3.5 Ma is the most likely upper age bound of the crust delamination into the mantle. The subsequent uplifting of the Spitsbergen lithosphere, which was expressed as the formation of kelyphitic Opx–Spl rims over garnet, exsolution in pyroxene, and partial melting, was not far in time from the delamination stage and lasted ≤ 300 Ma.