A dual role for the chromatin reader ORCA/LRWD1 in targeting the origin recognition complex to chromatin

Abstract

AbstractEukaryotic cells use chromatin marks to regulate the initiation of DNA replication. The origin recognition complex (ORC)‐associated protein ORCA plays a critical role in heterochromatin replication in mammalian cells by recruiting the initiator ORC, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report crystal and cryo‐electron microscopy structures of ORCA in complex with ORC's Orc2 subunit and nucleosomes, establishing that ORCA orchestrates ternary complex assembly by simultaneously recognizing a highly conserved peptide sequence in Orc2, nucleosomal DNA, and repressive histone trimethylation marks through an aromatic cage. Unexpectedly, binding of ORCA to nucleosomes prevents chromatin array compaction in a manner that relies on H4K20 trimethylation, a histone modification critical for heterochromatin replication. We further show that ORCA is necessary and sufficient to specifically recruit ORC into chromatin condensates marked by H4K20 trimethylation, providing a paradigm for studying replication initiation in specific chromatin contexts. Collectively, our findings support a model in which ORCA not only serves as a platform for ORC recruitment to nucleosomes bearing specific histone marks but also helps establish a local chromatin environment conducive to subsequent MCM2‐7 loading.