Clinicohematological, Mutagenic, and Oxidative Stress Induced by Pendimethalin in Freshwater Fish Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
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Published:2022-04-28
Issue:
Volume:2022
Page:1-15
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ISSN:1942-0994
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Container-title:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Author:
Wang Jin-qing1ORCID, Hussain Riaz2ORCID, Ghaffar Abdul3ORCID, Afzal Gulnaz3ORCID, Saad Abdul Qadeer3ORCID, Ahmad Noman3ORCID, Nazir Urooj3ORCID, Ahmad Hafiz Ishfaq4ORCID, Hussain Tarique5ORCID, Khan Ahrar67ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China 2. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan 3. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan 4. Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan 5. Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan; Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan 6. Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China 7. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
Abstract
Currently, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are continuously and chronically polluted by cocktails of countless chemical compounds. The susceptibility to infections is tremendously increasing in a variety of organisms due to exposure to environmental pollutants. Pendimethalin, an herbicide, is continuously used in agriculture to remove unwanted broadleaf weeds across the globe. Therefore, this study investigates the mechanisms of toxicity of pendimethalin in freshwater fish bighead carp upon exposure to low and environmentally relevant concentrations. For this purpose, 48 fish without any clinical abnormalities were kept in a glass aquarium in different experimental groups (T0, T1, T2, and T3). These groups were treated with pendimethalin at 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mg/L, respectively. Four fish were randomly picked from each experimental group and killed at 72, 96, and 120 hours of the trial to study hematobiochemical parameters and visceral tissues including the brain, liver, heart, gills, and kidneys for histopathology. Herbicide-treated fish indicated various physical and behavioral abnormalities including hypersecretion of mucus, erratic swimming, operculum movement, air gulping, tremors of fins, loss of equilibrium, and increased surface breathing. Histopathologically, gills tissues of treated fish indicated atrophied lamellae, uplifting of secondary lamellae, necrosis of primary and secondary lamellar epithelial cells, telogenesis, congestion, and lamellar fusion. Histopathological examination of liver tissues of treated fish showed mild to moderate congestion, necrosis of hepatocytes, and atrophy of hepatocytes while kidneys revealed degeneration of renal tubules, glomerular atrophy, ceroid, and necrosis of renal tubules. The erythrocyte counts, monocyte and lymphocyte counts, and hemoglobin values were significantly () reduced in pendimethalin-treated fish. Results on serum biochemistry showed that the biomarkers of kidneys, heart, and liver were significantly higher in fish of treated groups. In addition, values of different biochemical reactions like reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), total proteins, and quantity of different antioxidant enzymes including reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly different when compared to untreated fish. Moreover, the percentile of different nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells and frequency of DNA damage increased significantly in treated fish. It can be concluded from the findings that pendimethalin causes its toxic effects via disruption of physiological and hematobiochemical reactions of fish.
Publisher
Hindawi Limited
Subject
Cell Biology,Aging,General Medicine,Biochemistry
Reference77 articles.
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