HBV Infection Is an Intermediate-Risk Disease, Whereas Anaemia Is a Mild-to-Moderate Public Health Problem in Young Ghanaian Adults: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis of Students’ Medical Records

Abstract

Background. In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria, chronic viral diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and haemoglobinopathies are common causes of anaemia. Continual surveillance data is required to situate the anaemia and infectious disease burden within a given population. This study determined the 4-year trends of anaemia, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and HCV infections and factors associated with anaemia in young Ghanaian adults. Methods. This retrospective study analysed the medical records of 21,716 fresh students at the University of Cape Coast. Data was presented as percentages and line graphs to show the yearly trends in anaemia, HBV, and HCV infections. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the increased odds of anaemia in participants. Results. Although the 4-year anaemia prevalence was 14.2% (95% CI: 0.1403–0.1498), anaemia prevalence in women and men were 24.1% (95% CI: 0.2387–0.2562) and 6.6% (95% CI:0.0616–0.0705), respectively. Anaemia prevalence consistently remained mild (males) and moderate (females) public health problem over the four-year period. Adolescents were more represented in the anaemic group (18.7% prevalence), 70.9% of them being females. The prevalence of HBV and HCV infections were 5.4% (95% CI:0.0506–0.0567) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.0082–0.0108), respectively; only 0.1% of participants had HBV and HCV coinfection. Males were more represented in both HBV (71.2%) and HCV (63.7%) infection groups. Moreover, 15.8% of the participants who were seropositive for HBsAg self-reported having previously been vaccinated, suggesting a breakthrough infection and/or vaccine nonresponse. Furthermore, female (COR: 4.545; $p<0.001$ ), teenagers (COR: 1.697; $p<0.001$ ), 20–29 years (COR: 1.221; $p=0.035$ ), and positive sickling slide test (COR: 1.176; $p=0.003$ ) were statistically significantly associated with increased odds of anaemia. Conclusion. Intentional preventative public health campaigns regarding anaemia, HBV, and HCV infection should, respectively, target females and young adult males to increase chances of making real change in behavioural attitudes in these at-risk groups.