1. Department of Systems and Information Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
2. University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
3. Department of Supply Chain and Information Systems, Smeal College of Business, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
4. Penn State Center for Health Organization Transformation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
5. Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA