C-Type Lectin-Like Molecule-1 as a Biomarker for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Preliminary Study

Abstract

Objective. AML is a heterogeneous disease both in genomic and proteomic backgrounds, and variable outcomes may appear in the same cytogenetic risk group. Therefore, it is still necessary to identify new antigens that contribute to diagnostic information and to refine the current risk stratification. Methods. The expression of C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1) in AML blasts was examined in 52 patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory AML and was compared with two other classic markers CD33 and CD34 in AML, in order to assess the value of CLL-1 as an independent biomarker or in combination with other markers for diagnosis in AML. Subsequently, the value of CLL-1 as a biomarker for prognosis was assessed in this malignant tumor. Results. The results showed that CLL-1 was expressed on the cell surface of the majority of AML blasts (78.8%) and also expressed on leukemic stem cells in varying degree but absent on normal hematopoietic stem cells. Notably, CLL-1 was able to complement the classic markers CD33 or CD34. After dividing the cases into CLL-1high and CLL-1low groups according to cutoff 59.0%, we discovered that event-free survival and overall survival (OS) of the CLL-1low group were significantly lower than that of the CLL-1high group, and low CLL-1 expression seems to be independently associated with shorter OS. Conclusions. These preliminary observations identified CLL-1 as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of AML.