Multifactor Analysis and Intervention Study on Menstrual Disorders of Female Athletes in the Context of the Winter Olympic Games: A Case-Control Study Based on a Large Sample

Abstract

A case-control study was conducted to explore the multifactor analysis and intervention of menstrual disorders in female athletes under the background of the Winter Olympic Games, which is based on a large sample. For this purpose, from January 2020 to September 2021, 381 female athletes in long-term ice and snow sports were investigated by random sampling. All of them promoted gynecological examination and counted the incidence of menstrual disorders. The subjects were assigned into two groups according to their menstrual status: abnormal (n = 163) and normal menstrual state groups (n = 218). The basic and clinical data of the two groups were compared, and univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to explore the risk factors of menstrual disorders in female athletes. According to the random number table method, the menstrual disorder group was again assigned into the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group received health education and glucose supplement intervention to correct EAMDs, while the control group only received health education. The improvement of patients’ ability balance and the changes of reproductive hormones were compared after intervention. The results of univariate analysis indicated that there exhibited no significant differences in age, menarche age, smoking history, drinking history, grade, sexual life history, abortion history, BMI, and location of household registration, but there were significant differences in family history, sleep quality, diet regularity, and mental health status ( $P<0.05$ ). The results of univariate analysis indicated that there exhibited no significant differences in age, menarche, smoking, drinking, grade, sexual life history, abortion history, family history, sleep quality, diet regularity, and mental health status. Logistic regression analysis indicated that family history of menstrual disorders, poor sleep quality, irregular diet, and mental health status all affected women’s menstrual disorders (OR: 1.411, 95% CI: 1.378∼1.444; OR: 1.501, 95% CI: 1.030∼2.187; OR: 1.554, 95% CI: 1.086∼2.225; OR: 1.383, 95% CI: 1.018∼1.877, respectively) independent risk factors. According to the comparison of menstrual cycle, in the intervention group, 12 patients had menstrual cycle 21–28 days, 12 patients had menstrual cycle 28–38 days, and 58 patients were irregular and had no amenorrhea, while in the control group, 36 patients had menstrual cycle 21–28 days, 24 patients had 28–38 days, 12 patients had amenorrhea, and 11 patients had irregular menstruation, and there exhibited no significant difference ( $P>0.05$ ). There exhibited no significant difference in energy balance before and after intervention ( $P>0.05$ ); after intervention, the ability balance of the two groups was significantly promoted, and the degree of improvement in the study group was better ( $P<0.05$ ). The indexes of reproductive hormones in the follicular phase were compared before and after glucose supplement intervention, and there exhibited no significant difference before intervention ( $P>0.05$ ); after intervention, the serum LH and GnRH of the two groups decreased, while FSH and P increased. The improvement degree of the intervention group was better than that of the control group, but there exhibited no significant difference ( $P>0.05$ ). Before intervention, there exhibited no significant difference in the serum E2 level in the follicular phase ( $P>0.05$ ); after the intervention, the serum E2 of the two groups increased significantly, and the improvement of the intervention group was better ( $P<0.05$ ). Before intervention, there exhibited no significant difference in the serum E2 level in the follicular phase ( $P>0.05$ ); after the intervention, the serum E2 of the two groups increased significantly, and the improvement of the intervention group was better ( $P<0.05$ ). Before intervention, there exhibited no significant difference in serum E2 and P levels in the luteal phase ( $P>0.05$ ); after intervention, the level of serum E2 decreased and the level of serum P increased in the two groups. There exhibited no significant difference in the level of serum E2 ( $P>0.05$ ). There exhibited significant difference in the serum P level ( $P<0.05$ ). Female athletes have a high rate of menstrual disorders. Family history of menstrual disorders, poor sleep quality, irregular diet, and poor mental health are the main risk factors of menstrual disorders. Health education and sugar supplement intervention measures for female athletes play a positive role in the improvement of their ability balance and the regulation of reproductive hormones.