Terpenoids and Bio-Functions of Essential Oils Hydrodistilled Differently from Freshly Immature and Mature Blumea balsamifera Leaves

Abstract

The volatiles and antioxidant capacity of essential oils (EOs) extracted from freshly immature and mature leaves of Blumea balsamifera at various hydrodistillation times were investigated. Seven major terpenoids were identified: two monoterpenes, camphor and L-borneol, and five sesquiterpenes, silphiperfol-5-ene, 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene, ß-caryophyllene, ɤ-eudesmol, and α-eudesmol. The quantity and terpenoid composition of the EOs were impressed by leaf maturity and hydrodistillation times. The yield of EOs from the immature leaves was 1.4 times that of mature leaves, with 73% of the yield acquired within the first 6 hours (hrs) of hydrodistillation. Approximately 97% of camphor and L-borneol, 80% of ß-caryophyllene, silphiperfolene, and 7-epi-silphiperfolene, 32% of ɤ-eudesmol, and 54% α-eudesmol were collected in the first 6 hrs of hydrodistillation. More ß-caryophyllene, ɤ-eudesmol, and α-eudesmol were found in the mature leaf EOs. The antioxidant capacity of the EOs was proportionally related to their terpenoid contents. The EOs extracted from immature leaves at 0–6 hrs of hydrodistillation demonstrated distinctive antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL, respectively.