Comparison of the Efficacy and Complications of Soft Ureteroscopy Lithotripsy and Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Treatment of Urinary Calculi: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective. To systematically evaluate the efficacy and complications of soft ureteroscopic lithotripsy (SUL) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the treatment of urinary calculi and to provide evidence-proof medicine basis for the popularization and application of flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Methods. PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, China knowledge Network Database (CNKI), China VIP Database, Wanfang Database, and China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCT) related to soft ureteroscopic lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of urinary calculi from Jan. 2010 to Mar. 2022. The bias risk of each included literature was assessed according to the standard of Cochrane manual 5.1.0. The collected data were meta-analyzed by RevMan 5.4 statistical software. Results. Ultimately, 6 RCT (a total of 794 samples) were included for meta-analysis. Heterogeneity test results of stone clearance rate were $\text{ch}{\text{i}}^2=2.44$ , $\text{df}=5$ , $P=0.79>0.05$ , and $I^2=0$ %, indicating none obvious heterogeneity among the included research data. The test of WMD was $Z=2.11$ ( $P=0.03$ ). It could be considered that compared with PCNL in the treatment of urinary calculi, SUL had a higher stone clearance rate in patients with urolithiasis. Secondly, heterogeneity test of operation time was $\text{ch}{\text{i}}^2=184.95$ , $\text{df}=5$ , $P<0.00001$ , and $I^2=97$ %. The results of heterogeneity test of intraoperative blood loss displayed $\text{ch}{\text{i}}^2=645.47$ , $\text{df}=5$ , $P<0.00001$ , and $I^2=99$ %. Then, heterogeneity test results of postoperative hospital stay existed $\text{ch}{\text{i}}^2=57.37$ , $\text{df}=5$ , $P<0.00001$ , and $I^2=91$ % with an obvious heterogeneity. According to the results of this analysis, it could be considered that compared with PCNL in the treatment of urolithiasis, the operation time of SUL in the treatment of urolithiasis was longer, but the amount of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative hospital stay was significantly reduced. The results of heterogeneity of stress index level NE showed as $\text{ch}{\text{i}}^2=0.32$ , $\text{df}=2$ , $P=0.85>0.05$ , and $I^2=0$ %, and COR was $\text{ch}{\text{i}}^2=1.09$ , $\text{df}=1$ , $P=0.30>0.05$ , and $I^2=8$ %. It showed that there was no obvious heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of ACTH was $\text{ch}{\text{i}}^2=390.36$ , $\text{df}=2$ , $P<0.00001$ , and $I^2=99$ %, suggesting obvious heterogeneity. The test of combined effect dose WMD was $Z=21.90$ , 4.50, and 15.42, ( $P<0.00001$ ). It could be considered that there was a statistical difference in the WMD of stress response between patients with urinary calculi treated by soft ureteroscope and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, indicating that the stress response of patients with urinary calculi treated with SUL is less than that of PCNL. For the heterogeneity test of serum creatinine level, NE showed $\text{ch}{\text{i}}^2=0.78$ , $\text{df}=2$ , $P=0.68>0.05$ , and $I^2=0$ % without obvious heterogeneity, and the combined effect dose WMD is analyzed by random effect model. The test of combined effect dose WMD was $Z=4.22$ ( $P<0.00001$ ). It can be considered that the improvement of serum creatinine level in patients with urolithiasis treated with SUL was better than that of PCNL. The results of heterogeneity test on the safety of operation are as follows: $\text{ch}{\text{i}}^2=13.76$ , $\text{df}=5$ , $P=0.02$ , and $I^2=64$ %, indicating obvious heterogeneity among the included research data. The combined effect dose of WMD was $Z=5.53$ ( $P<0.00001$ ). This could be considered that soft ureteroscopic lithotripsy had higher safety and less postoperative complications than percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of urinary calculi. An inverted funnel chart was used to analyze the publication bias of the study with stone clearance rate as the outcome index. The results showed that the figure was not completely symmetrical and the Egger’s test showed that the figure was $P=0.0005<0.001$ . It was suggested that there may be a certain degree of publication bias. Conclusion. PCNL and SUL can achieve higher stone clearance rate in the treatment of renal calculi. However, SUL has the advantages of less intraoperative bleeding, short stress reaction and postoperative hospital stay, less damage to renal function, and low incidence of complications, which is beneficial to the rapid recovery of patients after operation. More studies with higher methodological quality and longer intervention time are needed to further verify.