Design and Implementation of Hybrid Transmission Line Protection Scheme Using Signal Processing Techniques

Abstract

A hybrid scheme for transmission line protection (HSTLP) using the Stockwell transform (ST), Wigner distribution function (WDF), and alienation coefficient (ACF) is designed. Current signals are analyzed using the ST, WDF, and ACF to compute the Stockwell fault index (SFI), Wigner fault index (WFI), and alienation coefficient fault index (ACFI), respectively. These fault indexes are used to derive a hybrid signal processing fault index (HSPFI), which is implemented for the detection of transmission line fault events. The peak magnitude of HSPFI is compared with a preset threshold magnitude (TH) to identify the fault. The statistical formulation is proposed for fault location on the power transmission line. Fault classification is achieved using the number of faulty phases. A hybrid ground fault index (HGFI) is used to recognize the involvement of the ground during the fault event. This HGFI is determined by processing zero sequence current using ST and WDF. The performance of algorithm is tested by various case studies for fault impedance variation, variable sampling frequency, fault incidence angle variation, reverse power flow on transmission line, highly loaded line, different fault locations online, and noisy conditions. The algorithm is also validated to detect a fault on a practical transmission line of large area utility grid of Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (RVPN) in India. The algorithm performs better than the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT)-based protection scheme and wavelet transform (WT)-based protection scheme available in the literature in terms of mean error of fault location, fault location accuracy, and noise level. The proposed protection scheme efficiently detected, classified, and located the faulty events such as single-phase-to-ground fault (SPGF), two-phase fault (TPF), two-phase-to-ground fault (TPGF), three-line fault (TLF), and three-line-to-ground fault (TLGF). Transmission line fault location accuracy of 99.031% is achieved. The algorithm performs well even with a high noise level of $10\text{dB}$ SNR.