Effectiveness of a Haemorrhage-Control Task Simulator for Training Nursing Students: A Quasi-Experimental before-after Study

Abstract

Aim. To assess the efficacy of a low-cost haemorrhage-control task simulator integrated in a high-fidelity simulation scenario to facilitate knowledge and practical skills acquisition, as well as self-efficacy in haemorrhage control among nursing students. Design. A quasiexperimental before-after design was conducted at the University of Almeria. Methods. A one-group preintervention, immediate postintervention, and a third assessment at three months were performed, with the Stop the Bleed Education Assessment Tool used to evaluate knowledge of haemorrhage control, as well as a 5-point Likert scale used to evaluate perceived self-efficacy. The success of controlling exsanguinating bleeding was determined by quantifying the millilitres lost during the intervention and calculating the time required to control the haemorrhaging. The data were reported using the TREND guidelines. Results. One hundred and three final-year nursing students participated in this study. Significant improvements ($p<0.001$) were observed in pre- and posttest total scores on knowledge of bleeding control, self-efficacy, as well as time is taken and volume loss to control the haemorrhage. Similar results were observed between preassessment and three months postassessment with significant improvements ($p<0.001$) in all measures. Conclusions. The use of a haemorrhage-control task simulator within a high-fidelity simulation scenario resulted in noteworthy improvements in nursing students’ practical skills, knowledge retention, and self-efficacy. After three months, performance decreased but remained greater than pretraining levels. Thus, broadening the use of this task-training simulator would be of great value to further develop a first responder training approach with healthcare professionals and other laypersons, allowing for greater knowledge distribution and reaching a larger audience. Implications for Nursing Management. The findings underscore the potential efficacy of this simulator as a valuable resource for nursing educators and supervisors to train nursing students and professionals in terms of practical skills, knowledge retention, and self-efficacy in haemorrhage control, fostering a train-the-trainer cascade approach to reach a wider audience and enhance bleeding control proficiency among professionals.