Treatment of Upper Cervical Spinal Cord Injury (Unstable C1-C2) by Direct Visualization and Nailing Technique and the Advantages of Early MRI

Abstract

Background. The treatment of C1-C2 fractures mainly depends on fracture type and the stability of the atlantoaxial joint. Disruption of the C1-C2 combination is a big challenge, especially in avoiding vertebral artery, nerve, and vein sinus injury during the operation. Purpose. This study aims to show the benefit of using the posterior approach and pedicle screw insertion by nailing technique and direct visualization to treat unstable C1-C2 and, moreover, to determine the advantages of performing early MRI in patients with limited neck movement after trauma. Method. Between Jan 2017–Feb 2019, we present 21 trauma patients who suffered from C1, C2, or unstable atlantoaxial joint. X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance image (MRI) were performed preoperatively. All the patients underwent our surgical procedure (posterior approach and pedicle screw placement by direct visualization and nailing technique). Result. The mean age was 41.1 years old, 8 females and 14 males. The average follow-up time was 2.6 years. Four patients were with C1 fracture, seven with C2 fracture, six with atlantoaxial dislocation, and four with C1 and C2 fractures. The time of MRI was between 12 hours and 48 hours; neck movement symptoms appeared between 2 days and 2 weeks. Conclusion. The posterior approach to treat the C1 and C2 fractures or dislocation by direct visualization and nailing technique can reduce the risk of the vertebral artery, vein sinus, and nerve root injuries with significant improvement. It can show a better angle view while inserting the pedicle screws. An early MRI (12–48 hours) is essential even if no symptoms appear at the time of admission, and if it is normal, it is necessary to repeat it. The presence of skull bleeding can be associated with upper neck instability.