A Comprehensive Survey on Sharding in Blockchains

Author:

Xi Jinwen1ORCID,Zou Shihong1ORCID,Xu Guoai1,Guo Yanhui1,Lu Yueming1ORCID,Xu Jiuyun2,Zhang Xuanwen3

Affiliation:

1. School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Beijing, China

2. College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Tsingtao, China

3. Comprehensive Research Center of Electronic Information Technology, the MIIT of China, Weihai 264 200, China

Abstract

Blockchain technology has been widely used in many fields, such as smart cities, smart health care, and smart manufacturing, due to its anonymity, decentralization, and tamper resistance in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. However, poor scalability has severely affected the widespread adoption of traditional blockchain technology in high-throughput and low-latency applications. Therefore, based on the three-layer architecture, this study presents a variety of solutions to improve the scalability of the blockchain. As the scale of the network expands, one of the most practical ways to achieve horizontal scalability is sharding, where the network is divided into multiple subnetworks to avoid repeated communication overhead, storage, and calculations. This study provides a systematic and comprehensive introduction to blockchain sharding, along with a detailed comparison and evaluation for primarily considered sharding mechanisms. We also provide the detailed calculations and then analyze the characteristics of existing solutions along with our insights.

Funder

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Publisher

Hindawi Limited

Subject

Computer Networks and Communications,Computer Science Applications

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