The Influence of the Relative Timing between Pole and Heel Strike on Lower Limb Loading among Young and Older Naïve Pole Walkers

Abstract

Current research is unclear with respect to whether pole walking (PW) reduces lower limb loading when compared to regular walking (RW). Contradictory findings in the literature may be related to the relative timing between pole and foot contact events, which were examined in the current study among naïve pole walkers. Fourteen young (4 F; 25.3 ± 5.4 years) and 8 older adults (4 F; 68.5 ± 3.2 years) performed PW and RW trials along a force plate embedded walkway at two different visits. The time difference between pole and foot contact during both the onset of ground contact and the peak force application was calculated. Several kinetic measures were calculated for the lower limbs and poles. A significant decrease during PW, compared to RW, was found for foot impulse (2.1%; $p<0.01$ ), peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) (3.4%; $p<0.01$ ), rate of loading (5.2%; $p=0.02$ ), and peak push-off vGRF (2.1%; $p=0.01$ ). No difference in pole loading was found between age groups and visits. No significant correlations were found between the relative timing and foot loading measures. Significant low-to-moderate negative correlations were found between peak foot and pole vGRFs ( $p=0.04$ ), peak foot vGRF and pole strike impulse ( $p=0.01$ ), peak foot vGRF and pole impulse ( $p=0.02$ ), and peak foot push-off vGRF and pole impulse ( $p=0.01$ ), suggesting that as pole loading increased, foot loading decreased. Findings suggest timing between pole and heel contact may not be related to unloading the lower limbs but may be related to other aspects of pole use since PW reduced lower limb loading.