Association of Serum Homocysteine with Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Adults with Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Background. Homocysteine (Hcy) was implicated in oxidative stress and diabetes biologically. However, the clinical evidence on the link between Hcy level and diabetes is limited and controversial. This study is aimed at investigating the association of serum Hcy with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients. Methods. Serum Hcy was measured among 2,286 adults with type 2 diabetes in NHANES 1999-2006. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs for the association of Hcy with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Results. Over a median follow-up of 11.0 (interquartile range, 8.9-13.4) years, 952 of the 2286 patients with diabetes died, covering 269 (28.3%) cardiovascular deaths and 144 (15.2%) cancer deaths. Restricted cubic spline showed the linear relationship between Hcy and all-cause mortality risk. After multivariate adjustment, higher serum Hcy levels were independently associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Compared with participants in the bottom tertile of Hcy, the multivariate-adjusted HRs and 95% CI for participants in the top quartile were 2.33 (1.64-3.30) for all-cause mortality ( $p_{\text{trend}}<0.001$ ), 2.24 (1.22-4.10) for CVD mortality ( $p_{\text{trend}}=0.017$ ), and 2.05 (0.90-4.69) for cancer mortality ( $p_{\text{trend}}=0.096$ ). The association with total mortality was especially stronger among patients with albuminuria. Serum Hcy significantly improved reclassification for 10-year mortality in diabetic patients (net reclassification $\text{index}=0.253$ and integrated discrimination $\text{improvement}=0.011$ ). Conclusions. Serum Hcy was associated with risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetic adults. Our results suggested that Hcy was a promising biomarker in risk stratification among diabetic patients.