GLX351322, a Novel NADPH Oxidase 4 Inhibitor, Attenuates TMJ Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Abstract

As a degenerative disease in joints, temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and chronic synovitis, severely undermining functions and quality of life in patients. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammatory pathway activation in osteoarthritis, which has attracted increasing attention in research in recent years. GLX351322 (GLX), a novel NOX4 inhibitor, exerts a protective effect on chondrocytes. However, whether it has a therapeutic effect on ROS production and inflammatory responses in synovial macrophages remains to be evaluated. In this study, we examined the effect of GLX on LPS-induced ROS production and inflammatory responses in vitro and on complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced TMJ inflammation in vivo. We found that GLX could depress LPS-induced intracellular ROS production and inflammatory response without cytotoxicity by inhibiting the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. In line with in vitro observations, GLX markedly attenuated the synovial inflammatory reaction in the TMJ, thus protecting the condylar structure from severe damage. Taken together, our results suggest that GLX intervention or NOX4 inhibition is a promising curative strategy for TMJOA and other inflammatory diseases.