The Use of Opioids and Pain Medications in the Management of Postoperative Pain in Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Purpose. The opioid crisis amplified the concern for the appropriate use of opioids. Our study aims to investigate the pain levels and amount of opiates needed during the first three days following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), whereby Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Schedule II oral opiates are not available. Methods. A year-long retrospective review of adult patients who underwent TKA was conducted. The postoperative pain scores and mean morphine equivalents (MME) were measured. These outcomes were assessed according to demographics, anesthesia, and analgesia used. Results. For our 78 patients, there was no statistical difference for stratification by baseline characteristics except in spinal anesthesia, which decreased pain on the first day. Conversely, MME increased to its significantly highest of 14.22 ± 29.58 mg on day 3. The effect was noted for patient-controlled analgesia where patients with intravenous analgesia received less opioid than those on epidural analgesia on postoperative day one. Conclusions. Using a similar regimen of analgesia, postoperative pain following TKA would be controlled by a relatively low amount of opioids by the third postoperative day. Spinal anesthesia and patient-controlled epidural analgesia were linked to better pain control and less opioid needed.