Examination of Impact of After-Hours Admissions on Hospital Resource Use, Patient Outcomes, and Costs

Author:

Skead Charlenn1ORCID,Thompson Laura H.2,Kuk Hanna1,Hendin Ariel3,Yasir Hamood Al Abri Moosa4,Choudhri Yasmeen2,Ramsay Tim2,Herritt Brent5,Kyeremanteng Kwadwo46

Affiliation:

1. Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

3. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

4. Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

5. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Comox Valley Hospital, Courtenay, Canada

6. Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Abstract

Background. Nighttime and weekends in hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) contexts are thought to present a greater risk for adverse events than daytime admissions. Although some studies exist comparing admission time with patient outcomes, the results are contradictory. No studies currently exist comparing costs with the time of admission. We investigated the differences in-hospital mortality, ICU length of stay, ICU mortality, and cost between daytime and nighttime admissions. Methods. All adult patients (≥18 years of age) admitted to a large academic medical-surgical ICU between 2011 and 2015 were included. Admission cohorts were defined as daytime (8:00–16:59) or nighttime (17:00–07:59). Student’s t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to test for associations between days spent in the ICU, days on mechanical ventilation, comorbidities, diagnoses, and cohort membership. Regression analysis was used to test for associations between patient and hospitalization characteristics and in-hospital mortality and total ICU costs. Results. The majority of admissions occurred during nighttime hours (69.5%) with no difference in the overall Elixhauser comorbidity score between groups ( p = 0.22 ). Overall ICU length of stay was 7.96 days for daytime admissions compared to 7.07 days ( p = 0.001 ) for patients admitted during nighttime hours. Overall mortality was significantly higher in daytime admissions (22.5% vs 20.6, p = 0.012 ); however, ICU mortality was not different. The average MODS was 2.9 with those admitted during the daytime having a significantly higher MODS (3.0, p = 0.046 ). Total ICU cost was significantly higher for daytime admissions ( p = 0.003 ). Adjusted ICU mortality was similar in both groups despite an increased rate of adverse events for nighttime admissions. Daytime admissions were associated with increased cost. There was no difference in all hospital total cost or all hospital direct cost between groups. These findings are likely due to the higher severity of illness in daytime admissions. Conclusion. Daytime admissions were associated with a higher severity of illness, mortality rate, and ICU cost. To further account for the effect of staffing differences during off-hours, it may be beneficial to compare weekday and weeknight admission times with associated mortality rates.

Publisher

Hindawi Limited

Subject

Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine

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