Overview of the Application of Orographic Data in Numerical Weather Prediction in Complex Orographic Areas

Abstract

Complex orography is still a big challenge for all numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Orography is an important factor that affects the NWP results. The orography in NWP mainly affects the main accuracy of the results through two aspects: orographic representation in models dynamics and orography-related parameterization schemes in the physical processes. To ensure the accuracy of NWP results, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the application of orographic data in NWP. This paper summarized the influence of orography on weather, the influence of orographic representation on prediction accuracy, and the parametrization of orography-related drag in NWP models. Finally, this paper elaborates the problems of the application of orographic data in NWP and looks forward to future directions in this field, hoping to improve the performance of NWP in complex orographic areas and provide a reference for better application in NWP.