A Distributed Unequal Clustering Routing Protocol Based on the Improved Sine Cosine Algorithm for WSN

Abstract

In order to balance the overall energy consumption and improve the energy efficiency of wireless sensor network (WSN), a distributed energy-balanced unequal clustering routing protocol based on the improved sine cosine algorithm (DUCISCA) is proposed. Firstly, DUCISCA adopts a time-based cluster head competition algorithm. In this algorithm, the broadcast time depends on the residual energy of the candidate cluster head, the distance to the base station, and the number of neighbour nodes. Secondly, a competition radius considering the distance from node to base station and the residual energy of node is proposed. It can balance energy consumption of nodes in different locations to avoid the “hot spot” problem. At the same time, it adopts a time-based broadcast mechanism. The waiting time depends on the residual energy of CCHs, the distance to the BS, and the number of neighbour nodes, which can effectively reduce the overhead of nodes. Thirdly, the energy of cluster head, the number of neighbour nodes, and the distance from the ordinary node to the cluster heads need to be taken into account to get a better clustering result. Finally, in order to speed up convergence and improve the ability to jump out of local optimum, the improved sine-cosine algorithm (ISCA) based on Latin hypercube sampling and adaptive mutation is proposed. The improvement strategies adopted by ISCA are expressed as follows: Firstly, the diversity of the population is enhanced through LHS population initialization. Secondly, the adaptive weight strategy is introduced to accelerate the convergence speed of the algorithm. Finally, the population is disturbed by Gaussian mutation or Levy flight to jump out of the local optimum. The standard deviation of cluster heads’ residual energy in intercluster communication is taken as the objective function to search the energy-balanced intercluster data forwarding path based on ISCA. Compared with EEUC, DEBUC, I-EEUC, and M-DEBUC, the simulation results prove that DUCISCA can effectively balance the overall network energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime.