Renin Trajectories and Outcome in Stable Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) on Contemporary Therapy: A Monocentric Study from an Austrian Tertiary Hospital Outpatient Clinic

Abstract

Introduction. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is the main target of neurohumoral therapy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) effectively reducing mortality. Reasonably, renin might serve as a biomarker for risk prediction and therapy response. Renin indeed bears some additional value to clinical risk models, albeit the effect is not pronounced. Whether assessing renin trajectories can overcome the weaknesses of single renin measurements has not been reported. Methods. A total of 505 patients with stable HFrEF were enrolled prospectively and followed through routine clinical visits. Active plasma renin concentration was documented up to 5 years. Changes in renin were analyzed throughout the disease course, and survival was compared for different renin trajectories within the first year. Results. Baseline renin levels were not related to all-cause mortality (crude HR for an increase of 100 μiE/ml: 1.01 (95% CI: 0.99–1.02), $p=0.414$ ) but associated with unplanned HF hospitalizations (crude HR: 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00-1.02), $p=0.015$ ). Renin increased during the disease course from baseline to 1-year and 2-year FUP (122.7 vs. 185.6 μIU/ml, $p=0.039$ , and 122.7 vs. 258.5 μIU/ml, $p=0.001$ ). Both survival and unplanned HF hospitalization rates were comparable for different renin trajectories at 1-year FUP ( $p=0.546$ , $p=0.357$ ). Conclusions. Intriguingly, renin is not a good biomarker to indicate prognosis in HF, while renin trajectories over a 1-year period do not have an additional value. Rapid physiologic plasma renin variations, but also opposing effects of angiotensinogen-derived metabolites under presence of RAS blockade, might obscure the predictive ability of renin.