Effects of a Combined Processes of Low-Pressure Steam Enrichment and Low-Pressure Superheated Steam Drying on the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Content of Japonica Rice

Abstract

In order to improve the content of GABA in japonica rice, so as to improve the nutritional composition and enhance the added value of rice, this study explored a combined process of low-pressure steam enrichment of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in japonica rice and low-pressure superheated steam (LPSS) drying of japonica rice. The low-pressure energy and the energy stored in rice grains were used to promote water absorption and activation of rice germs in a steam environment. Under the action of glutamate decarboxylase, the germ glutamate underwent an enzymatic reaction to generate GABA, which was transferred to and stored in the rice endosperm due to the concentration gradient and water gradient. After germination, LPSS was successively applied to dry the rice grains. The response surface method was used to optimize the parameters of low-pressure wet steam enrichment and LPSS drying of the rice grains. The experimental results showed that when the pressure was 0.026 MPa, the temperature was 60.66°C, the time was 5.01 h, and the flow rate was 0.31 L/h; the GABA content produced by low-pressure wet steam germination of japonica rice peaked at 94.1751 mg/100 g. When the germinated and enriched japonica rice was put through LPSS drying with a pressure of 0.021 MPa, a temperature of 66.55°C, a time of 1.57 h, and a flow rate of 0.28 L/h, the GABA content peaked at 104.161 mg/100 g. The results show that the combined process of low-pressure steam enrichment and drying continuously produced GABA in the soaking enrichment and drying stages, and the content of GABA in the drying stage accounted for 10% of the total content, which effectively increased the content of GABA in japonica rice and shortened the enrichment time. This study provides a technical reference for industrialized production of GABA-rich brown rice, embryonic rice, and polished rice.