Behaviors of Water Intake, Hydration Status, and Related Hydration Biomarkers among Physically Active Male Young Adults in Beijing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Studies on the water intake of athletes in daily life are insufficient. The objective was to determine the water intake and hydration status among physically active male young adults. In this cross-sectional studies study, 111 physically active male young adults were recruited. The amount of daily total drinking fluid intake (TDF) among participants was recorded and evaluated in real time over 7 days using the “7-day 24-hour fluid intake questionnaire” (liq. In 7). The daily water intake from food (WFF) was calculated using the weighing, duplicate portion, and direct-drying method over 3 days. All urine samples over 3 days were collected, and urine biomarkers were determined. According to 24 h urine osmolality, the participants were divided into three groups with euhydration status, middle hydration, and hypo hydration statuses. Finally, 109 participants completed the study. The median daily total water intake (TWI), TDF, and WFF were 2701, ik1789, and 955 mL, respectively. Among participants, 17 participants (16%) were in euhydration status, 47 participants (43%) were in hypohydration, and 45 participants (41%) were in middle hydration. There were statistical significances in the 24 h urine volume, osmolality, urine specific gravity, and concentrations of K, Na, and Cl in different hydration statuses (χ2 = 28.212, $P<0.01$ ; χ2 = 91.341, $P<0.01$ ; χ2 = 47.721, $P<0.01$ ; χ2 = 41.548, $P<0.01$ ; χ2 = 46.863, $P<0.01$ ; and χ2 = 40.839, $P<0.01$ ). Moderate-intensity correlations were found between the TDF and 24 h urine volume, 24 h urine osmolality, 24 h urine Na concentration, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = 0.408, $P<0.01$ ; r = -0.378, $P<0.01$ ; r = −0.325, $P<0.01$ ; r = −0.344, $P<0.01$ ; and r = −0.329, $P<0.01$ ). There were also moderate-intensity correlations between the TDF and 24 h urine osmolality, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = −0.365, $P<0.01$ ; r = −0.371, $P<0.01$ ; and r = −0.322, $P=0.01$ ). Increased and higher moderate-intensity correlations were found between plain water and 24 h urine volume, 24 h urine osmolality, 24 h urine K and Na concentration, morning urine osmolality, and morning urine Na concentration (r = 0.374, $P<0.01$ ; r = −0.520, $P<0.01$ ; r = −0.312, $P<0.01$ ; r = −0.355, $P<0.01$ ; r = −0.446, $P<0.01$ ; and r = −0.378, $P<0.01$ ). Insufficient water intake and hypohydration were common among physically active male young adults. The amount and type of water intake were correlated with hydration status and urine biomarkers. The results could provide scientific and accurate references for the development of recommendations on water intake for athletes.