COVID-19 Risk Perception and Loneliness among Korean Adults: The Mediating Effects of Social Distancing and Social Connectedness

Abstract

This study examined the complex associations among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk perception, social distancing, social connectedness, and loneliness, as well as the mediating effects of social distancing and social connectedness in these associations in younger, middle-aged, and older Korean adults. We used multigroup structural equation modeling to analyze the results of a cross-sectional survey of 2,400 Korean adults aged 20 years or older. We found statistically significant age group differences in the mean values of COVID-19 risk perception, social distancing, social connectedness, and loneliness. The younger group showed significant associations among all major variables in the structural equation model, while their older counterparts demonstrated a significant association between COVID-19 risk perception and loneliness. Social distancing and social connectedness mediated the effect of COVID-19 risk perception on loneliness only for the younger group. In addition, we found significant mediating effects of social connectedness on the association between COVID-19 risk perception and loneliness in the middle-aged and older groups. Our findings imply that social distancing and social connectedness have impacted Korean adults’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.