A Systematic Review of the Cost-Effectiveness of Nurse Practitioners and Clinical Nurse Specialists: What Is the Quality of the Evidence?

Author:

Donald Faith1ORCID,Kilpatrick Kelley2ORCID,Reid Kim3ORCID,Carter Nancy4ORCID,Martin-Misener Ruth5,Bryant-Lukosius Denise46ORCID,Harbman Patricia47ORCID,Kaasalainen Sharon4,Marshall Deborah A.8,Charbonneau-Smith Renee4ORCID,Donald Erin E.9,Lloyd Monique10ORCID,Wickson-Griffiths Abigail4ORCID,Yost Jennifer4,Baxter Pamela4ORCID,Sangster-Gormley Esther11ORCID,Hubley Pamela12,Laflamme Célyne13,Campbell–Yeo Marsha514,Price Sheri5,Boyko Jennifer15,DiCenso Alba416ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 2K3

2. Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montreal and Research Centre of Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, CSA-RC-Aile Bleue-Room F121, 5415 boulevard l’Assomption, Montréal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4

3. KJ Research, Rosemere, QC, Canada J7A 4N8

4. School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8

5. School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Box 15000, 5869 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2

6. Department of Oncology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, HSC-3N28G, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8

7. Health Interventions Research Centre, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 2K3

8. Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre, Room 3C56, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6

9. Fraser Health Authority, Suite 400-13450 102nd Avenue, Surrey, BC, Canada V3T 0H1

10. International Affairs and Best Practice Guidelines Centre, Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario, 158 Pearl Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5H 1L3

11. School of Nursing, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 2Y2

12. The Hospital for Sick Children, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8

13. Primary Health Care Nurse Practitioner Program, School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Suite 101, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 5Z3

14. Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology and Neurosciences, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, 5869 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2

15. School of Health Studies, Western University, Health Sciences Building, Room 403, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B9

16. Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8

Abstract

Background. Improved quality of care and control of healthcare costs are important factors influencing decisions to implement nurse practitioner (NP) and clinical nurse specialist (CNS) roles.Objective. To assess the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating NP and CNS cost-effectiveness (defined broadly to also include studies measuring health resource utilization).Design. Systematic review of RCTs of NP and CNS cost-effectiveness reported between 1980 and July 2012.Results. 4,397 unique records were reviewed. We included 43 RCTs in six groupings, NP-outpatient (n=11), NP-transition (n=5), NP-inpatient (n=2), CNS-outpatient (n=11), CNS-transition (n=13), and CNS-inpatient (n=1). Internal validity was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool; 18 (42%) studies were at low, 17 (39%) were at moderate, and eight (19%) at high risk of bias. Few studies included detailed descriptions of the education, experience, or role of the NPs or CNSs, affecting external validity.Conclusions. We identified 43 RCTs evaluating the cost-effectiveness of NPs and CNSs using criteria that meet current definitions of the roles. Almost half the RCTs were at low risk of bias. Incomplete reporting of study methods and lack of details about NP or CNS education, experience, and role create challenges in consolidating the evidence of the cost-effectiveness of these roles.

Funder

Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care

Publisher

Hindawi Limited

Subject

General Nursing

Reference107 articles.

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