Polyphenol-Standardized Aphanamixis polystachya Leaf Extract Ameliorates Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract

Background. Diabetes is a rising disorder that affects millions of people annually. It also creates more complications, such as neuropathy, oxidative stress, and hepatic and kidney impairment. Aphanamixis polystachya plant, which possesses multiple medicinal values, is used in this study to explore its potential in treating diabetes. Methods. A single dose (65 mg/kg) of intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection was utilized to mediate diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetic animals were treated orally with 250 or 500 mg/kg of standardized leaves’ extract of A. polystachya (AP) for 28 days to evaluate the antidiabetic and organ-protective effects of the plant. Different biochemical and histological markers are measured according to the established protocol. Results. Our results demonstrated a significant decrease in blood glucose ($p<0.001$) and HbA1c ($p<0.05$) levels in the diabetic animal after administering AP (250 and 500 mg/kg doses) compared to the control groups. AP can also regularize lipids, glycogen, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Furthermore, serum urea nitrogen and creatinine decreased after treatment with AP in diabetic rats. AP also reduced oxidative stress markers and showed a substantial elevation in antioxidant enzymes in diabetic animals. Overall, AP at 500 mg/kg revealed comparable results against the standard antidiabetic drug glyburide. Besides, the histological investigation showed the AP’s efficacy in attenuating kidney tissue inflammation and damage. HPLC data elucidated that the AP leaf extract contains polyphenols with potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, and organ protective agents: gallic acid, rutin hydrate, and quercetin hydrate. Conclusion. Taken together, AP may be one of the potential sources of antidiabetic agents.