1. There is much research available on the social history of the military and of military medicine in the Second World War, but this has not considered experimentation. See J. Crang,The British Army and the People’s War, 1939–1945(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000); D. French,Raising Churchill’s Army: The British Army and the War Against Germany(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); M. Harrison,Medicine and Victory: British Military Medicine in the Second World War(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
2. For the USA, see P. J. Amoroso and L. L. Wenger, ‘The Human Volunteer in Military and Medical Research’, inMilitary Medical Ethics, Volume II, ed. by T. E. Beam and L. R. Sparacino (Falls Church, Virginia: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America, 2003), pp. 536–660; S. E. Lederer, ‘The Cold War and Beyond: Covert and Deceptive American Medical Experiments’, inMilitary Medical Ethics, Volume II, pp. 507–31; S. E. Lederer, ‘Military Personnel as Research Subjects’, inEncyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd edn, ed. by S. G. Post (London: Macmillan Reference, 2004); S. L. Smith, ‘Mustard Gas and American Race-Based Experimentation in World War II’,Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 36·3 (2008), 517–21. For Canada, see D. Avery, The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998); J. Bryden,Deadly Allies: Canada’s Secret War, 1937–1947(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1989). For Australia, see B. Goodwin,Keen as Mustard: Britain’s Horrific Chemical Warfare Experiments in Australia(St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1998); R. Gillis (ed.),Australian Field Trials with Mustard Gas (the Gillis Report), 1942–1945(Canberra: Australian National University Peace Research Centre, 1992); B. Soper,Poison Gas: The Guinea Pigs of World War II: Australia’s Role(Drummoyne: self-published, 1975); D. P. Mellor, The Role of Science and Industry, Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 4 [Civil], Vol. 5 (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1958).
3. Evans R,Gassed: British Chemical Warfare Experiments on Humans at Porton Down(London: House of Strauss, 2000); U. Schmidt, ‘Cold War at Porton Down: Informed Consent in Britain’s Biological and Chemical Warfare Experiments’,Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 15·4 (2003), 366–80.
4. Moreno J.Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans(London: Routledge, 2000), p. 21.
5. Lederer, ‘Military Personnel as Research Subjects’, p. 1843.