1. For a discussion of the multiplicity of theories which compete when a scientific speciality is in a pre-paradigmatic state, see Thomas Kuhn,The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 10–22.
2. Pierre Motteaux ed.The Gentleman'sJournal: Or the Monthly Miscellany, April 1692, (London: R. Baldwin, 1692), p. 17; Anna Marie Roos,Luminaries in the Natural World: Perceptions of the Sun and the Moon in England, 1400–1720, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Studies, vol. 20 (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2001), p. 242.
3. A Tale of Two Fishes: Magical Objects in Natural History from Antiquity Through the Scientific Revolution